93- Surat Aldduha/Tafseer
11 Verses Meccan (revealed in Mecca)
A'auzu Bellahi mena alshytani alrajim
I seek refuge in Allah from the accursed Satan
Bismi Ellahi Alrhmani Alrahim
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Wa Aldduha (1).
By the forenoon.
Wa-laiyli iza saja (2).
And by the night when it becomes darkness.
Ma wadda-aka Rabbuka wa ma qala (3).
Your Lord has neither forsaken You nor has He detested You.
Wa lal-akheratuo khaiyrun laka mena aluola (4).
And the Hereafter is surely better for you than the first.
Wa la-sawfa you'teeka Rabbuka fa-tarda (5).
Your Lord will give you, then You will be pleased.
A-lam yajidka yateeman fa-awa (6).
Did He not find you an orphan, and give You a shelter?.
Wa wajadaka dallan fa-hada (7).
And He found You lost, then He guided You.
Wa wajadaka a-ellan fa-aghna (8).
And He found You in need, then He made You need-free.
Fa amma alyateema fa-la taq-har (9).
As for the orphan, Do not oppress him.
Wa amma alsaela fa-la tan-har (10).
And as for the beggar, Do not repel him.
Wa amma bene'mati Rabbika fa-haddeth (11).
And as for the favor of Your Lord, Report it.
Simplified interpretation:
Surat Aldduha is similar to Surat Alsharh, in that Allah enumerates His favors upon His Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and gives Him the glad tidings, and assigned Him what He should do in the last three verses. But the current Surah begins by reassuring the Prophet (PBUH) that His Lord did not forsake Him.
Allah swears in the first two verses by the forenoon (Aldduha) and by the night when it covers with darkness, that He did not forsake or detest His Messenger, and it was narrated by Jundub Bin Sufyan, and Jundub Albajali that: "A lady came to the Prophet and said: O Muhammad, I think that Your Satan has forsaken you (in conveying Quran), for I have not seen Him with You for two or three nights". On that Allah revealed: "By the forenoon, and by the night when it becomes darkness, Your Lord has neither forsaken You nor has He detested You".
After that Allah gave His Messenger (PBUH) glad tidings in the next two verses (4,5), saying that the Hereafter and what Allah has prepared for Him therein is better than the worldly life and what is in it, so Do not grieve for what you have missed for what you will have with your lord is better for you than it.
This good news is also for all those who believed, as Allah Almighty says in Surat Alshura Aya (36){So whatever you have given of a thing is an enjoyment of the worldly life, and what is with Allah is better and more lasting for those who believe and put their trust upon their Lord}.
Then Allah says that He will give the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in the Hereafter from the best of His blessing until he will be satisfied, and the commentators differed in determining what Allah will give Him, because it came in general, some of them said that Allah will give Him the river of Alkawthar, while others said that Allah will give Him palaces in paradise that will contain whatever He wishes, and there are those who said that He will be satisfied for none of His household enters Hellfire, and it was said none of His Ummah in general remains in Hellfire.
In the sixth verse Allah addresses His Messenger as an acknowledgment saying {Did He not find you an orphan, and give You a shelter?}, as His grandfather "Abdul Muttalib", and after him His uncle "Abu Talib" took care of Him after the death of His parents; His father died while His mother was pregnant with Him, and His mother died when He was six years old.
Then Allah says to the Prophet (PBUH) in the next verse (7) that He found him lost and unaware of the path of truth before prophecy, then Allah guided Him to the true faith, and Allah said to His Messenger in Surat Alshura Aya (52) {And thus, We have revealed to You a Spirit from Our command, You did not know what the book is nor the faith}.
Allah has linked between belief and guidance, and between disbelief and misguidance, as Allah says in Aya (36) of Surat Alnahl {And indeed, We have sent into every nation a Messenger that Worship Allah and avoid the Taghut, and among them were those whom Allah guided, and among them were those upon them the error has become true}.
Then Allah mentioned the third bounty upon the Prophet (PBUH) saying that He found Him poor, then He made Him rich and independent Aya (8), richness here may refers to richness of the wealth and richness of the soul. So Allah has changed his condition before prophecy to the best of conditions, therefore He commanded Him not to oppress the orphan Aya (9), where Allah has attached a great importance to the orphan, and mentioned the word "Orphan" and its derivatives 23 times in the Holy Quran, and the orphans are those who have no means of earning a living and whose fathers have died while they are weak and young, before reaching puberty and being able to earn a living, where as narrated by Ali bin Abi Talib: "I memorized from Allah's Messenger (PBUH) that there is no orphanhood after puberty, and there is no silence for the whole day till the night" (Sunan Abi Dawood 2873).
And as for the beggars, they are given Zakah (obligatory charity) and alms, and Allah commanded His Messenger (PBUH) to treat them kindly and not to repulse them, and as narrated by Abu Musa Alash'ari: "Whenever a beggar came to Allah's Messenger (PBUH), or He was asked for something, He used to say Help and recommend him and you will receive reward for it, and Allah will bring about what He wills through the tongue of His Prophet" (Sahih Albukhari 1432). Allah also commanded the believers not to cause harm to them as He has stated in Aya (263) of Surat Albaqarah {Kind word and forgiveness are better than charity followed by hurt}.
In the last verse Allah commanded the Prophet (PBUH) to talk about the favors that He has bestowed upon him, and to spread what Allah has blessed him by thanks and praise, and it was said that Allah commanded Him in this Ayah to narrate the Holy Quran and prophecy, so Report what You was sent for. But there are those who have gone beyond the original sense of the word "haddeth" saying that Allah said to him that His gratitude for Allah's grace is to do same favors to the others.
These three commands were not only for the Prophet (PBUH), but also for all Muslims, So He (PBUH), in turn, commanded the believers to do so, and said about the orphan in narration of Sahl: "I and the one who looks after an orphan will be like this in Paradise, showing His middle and index finger and separating them" (Sahih Albukhari 5304). And whenever a beggar came to Him or when He was asked for something, He used to urge His companions to help him, and Allah brings what He wills through the Prophet's tongue as shown above.
And as for narrating Allah's favors, Allah's Messenger (PBUH) said in narration of Jabir Bin Abdullah: "If someone is donated something, and he mentions it, he thanks for it, and if he conceals it, he is ungrateful for it" (Sunan Abi Dawood 4814). So Allah is more deserving of having His blessings mentioned, and this is a matter of gratitude to Him.